Communicating with someone living with dementia

Changes in communication vary from person to person. A person may struggle to find words, lose their train of thought or rely more on gestures.

The Alzheimer's Association suggests:

• Speak slowly and clearly, face to face, in a quiet place.
• Ask one question at a time, and give plenty of time to answer.
• Use yes-or-no questions and short, step-by-step instructions.
• Speak to the person directly, not only to the people around them.
• Have hearing and eyesight checked, since these problems can make talking harder.

Agitation, pacing or repeated questions are often a way of showing a need or a feeling. Look for what may be behind them, such as pain, hunger, tiredness or a noisy room.

Some people grow more confused or restless from late afternoon into the night, which is called sundowning. Talk with the person's doctor about any new or sudden change.

• Listen to the frustration and try to find its cause.
• Reassure the person in a calm, gentle voice.
• Move to a quieter place, or offer a walk.
• Avoid arguing, raising your voice, crowding or restraining the person.

A steady routine can help, especially if the person gets restless later in the day. Small changes to the day may make evenings calmer.

• Keep regular times for waking, meals and bed.
• Plan outings, appointments and bathing for the morning or early afternoon.
• Spend some time outside in daylight when possible.
• Keep evenings calm and the home well lit.
• Note what happens before a hard evening to spot possible triggers.

Caring for someone with dementia is demanding, and you do not have to do it alone. The Alzheimer's Association runs a free 24/7 Helpline at 800-272-3900.

Helpline staff can talk through behaviors, communication, caregiver stress and local services. Calls are confidential, and help is offered in many languages.